ffprobe.c

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2007-2010 Stefano Sabatini
 *
 * This file is part of FFmpeg.
 *
 * FFmpeg is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
 * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * FFmpeg is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
 * Lesser General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License along with FFmpeg; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
 */

/**
 * @file
 * simple media prober based on the FFmpeg libraries
 */

#include "config.h"
#include "version.h"

#include "libavformat/avformat.h"
#include "libavcodec/avcodec.h"
#include "libavutil/avstring.h"
#include "libavutil/bprint.h"
#include "libavutil/opt.h"
#include "libavutil/pixdesc.h"
#include "libavutil/dict.h"
#include "libavutil/timecode.h"
#include "libavdevice/avdevice.h"
#include "libswscale/swscale.h"
#include "libswresample/swresample.h"
#include "libpostproc/postprocess.h"
#include "cmdutils.h"

const char program_name[] = "ffprobe";
const int program_birth_year = 2007;

static int do_count_frames = 0;
static int do_count_packets = 0;
static int do_read_frames  = 0;
static int do_read_packets = 0;
static int do_show_error   = 0;
static int do_show_format  = 0;
static int do_show_frames  = 0;
static AVDictionary *fmt_entries_to_show = NULL;
static int do_show_packets = 0;
static int do_show_streams = 0;
static int do_show_program_version  = 0;
static int do_show_library_versions = 0;

static int show_value_unit              = 0;
static int use_value_prefix             = 0;
static int use_byte_value_binary_prefix = 0;
static int use_value_sexagesimal_format = 0;
static int show_private_data            = 1;

static char *print_format;

static const OptionDef options[];

/* FFprobe context */
static const char *input_filename;
static AVInputFormat *iformat = NULL;

static const char *const binary_unit_prefixes [] = { "", "Ki", "Mi", "Gi", "Ti", "Pi" };
static const char *const decimal_unit_prefixes[] = { "", "K" , "M" , "G" , "T" , "P"  };

static const char unit_second_str[]         = "s"    ;
static const char unit_hertz_str[]          = "Hz"   ;
static const char unit_byte_str[]           = "byte" ;
static const char unit_bit_per_second_str[] = "bit/s";
static uint64_t *nb_streams_packets;
static uint64_t *nb_streams_frames;

void av_noreturn exit_program(int ret)
{
    av_dict_free(&fmt_entries_to_show);
    exit(ret);
}

struct unit_value {
    union { double d; long long int i; } val;
    const char *unit;
};

static char *value_string(char *buf, int buf_size, struct unit_value uv)
{
    double vald;
    int show_float = 0;

    if (uv.unit == unit_second_str) {
        vald = uv.val.d;
        show_float = 1;
    } else {
        vald = uv.val.i;
    }

    if (uv.unit == unit_second_str && use_value_sexagesimal_format) {
        double secs;
        int hours, mins;
        secs  = vald;
        mins  = (int)secs / 60;
        secs  = secs - mins * 60;
        hours = mins / 60;
        mins %= 60;
        snprintf(buf, buf_size, "%d:%02d:%09.6f", hours, mins, secs);
    } else {
        const char *prefix_string = "";
        int l;

        if (use_value_prefix && vald > 1) {
            long long int index;

            if (uv.unit == unit_byte_str && use_byte_value_binary_prefix) {
                index = (long long int) (log(vald)/log(2)) / 10;
                index = av_clip(index, 0, FF_ARRAY_ELEMS(binary_unit_prefixes) - 1);
                vald /= pow(2, index * 10);
                prefix_string = binary_unit_prefixes[index];
            } else {
                index = (long long int) (log10(vald)) / 3;
                index = av_clip(index, 0, FF_ARRAY_ELEMS(decimal_unit_prefixes) - 1);
                vald /= pow(10, index * 3);
                prefix_string = decimal_unit_prefixes[index];
            }
        }

        if (show_float || (use_value_prefix && vald != (long long int)vald))
            l = snprintf(buf, buf_size, "%f", vald);
        else
            l = snprintf(buf, buf_size, "%lld", (long long int)vald);
        snprintf(buf+l, buf_size-l, "%s%s%s", *prefix_string || show_value_unit ? " " : "",
                 prefix_string, show_value_unit ? uv.unit : "");
    }

    return buf;
}

/* WRITERS API */

typedef struct WriterContext WriterContext;

#define WRITER_FLAG_DISPLAY_OPTIONAL_FIELDS 1
#define WRITER_FLAG_PUT_PACKETS_AND_FRAMES_IN_SAME_CHAPTER 2

typedef struct Writer {
    int priv_size;                  ///< private size for the writer context
    const char *name;

    int  (*init)  (WriterContext *wctx, const char *args, void *opaque);
    void (*uninit)(WriterContext *wctx);

    void (*print_header)(WriterContext *ctx);
    void (*print_footer)(WriterContext *ctx);

    void (*print_chapter_header)(WriterContext *wctx, const char *);
    void (*print_chapter_footer)(WriterContext *wctx, const char *);
    void (*print_section_header)(WriterContext *wctx, const char *);
    void (*print_section_footer)(WriterContext *wctx, const char *);
    void (*print_integer)       (WriterContext *wctx, const char *, long long int);
    void (*print_string)        (WriterContext *wctx, const char *, const char *);
    void (*show_tags)           (WriterContext *wctx, AVDictionary *dict);
    int flags;                  ///< a combination or WRITER_FLAG_*
} Writer;

struct WriterContext {
    const AVClass *class;           ///< class of the writer
    const Writer *writer;           ///< the Writer of which this is an instance
    char *name;                     ///< name of this writer instance
    void *priv;                     ///< private data for use by the filter
    unsigned int nb_item;           ///< number of the item printed in the given section, starting at 0
    unsigned int nb_section;        ///< number of the section printed in the given section sequence, starting at 0
    unsigned int nb_chapter;        ///< number of the chapter, starting at 0
};

static const char *writer_get_name(void *p)
{
    WriterContext *wctx = p;
    return wctx->writer->name;
}

static const AVClass writer_class = {
    "Writer",
    writer_get_name,
    NULL,
    LIBAVUTIL_VERSION_INT,
};

static void writer_close(WriterContext **wctx)
{
    if (!*wctx)
        return;

    if ((*wctx)->writer->uninit)
        (*wctx)->writer->uninit(*wctx);
    av_freep(&((*wctx)->priv));
    av_freep(wctx);
}

static int writer_open(WriterContext **wctx, const Writer *writer,
                       const char *args, void *opaque)
{
    int ret = 0;

    if (!(*wctx = av_malloc(sizeof(WriterContext)))) {
        ret = AVERROR(ENOMEM);
        goto fail;
    }

    if (!((*wctx)->priv = av_mallocz(writer->priv_size))) {
        ret = AVERROR(ENOMEM);
        goto fail;
    }

    (*wctx)->class = &writer_class;
    (*wctx)->writer = writer;
    if ((*wctx)->writer->init)
        ret = (*wctx)->writer->init(*wctx, args, opaque);
    if (ret < 0)
        goto fail;

    return 0;

fail:
    writer_close(wctx);
    return ret;
}

static inline void writer_print_header(WriterContext *wctx)
{
    if (wctx->writer->print_header)
        wctx->writer->print_header(wctx);
    wctx->nb_chapter = 0;
}

static inline void writer_print_footer(WriterContext *wctx)
{
    if (wctx->writer->print_footer)
        wctx->writer->print_footer(wctx);
}

static inline void writer_print_chapter_header(WriterContext *wctx,
                                               const char *chapter)
{
    if (wctx->writer->print_chapter_header)
        wctx->writer->print_chapter_header(wctx, chapter);
    wctx->nb_section = 0;
}

static inline void writer_print_chapter_footer(WriterContext *wctx,
                                               const char *chapter)
{
    if (wctx->writer->print_chapter_footer)
        wctx->writer->print_chapter_footer(wctx, chapter);
    wctx->nb_chapter++;
}

static inline void writer_print_section_header(WriterContext *wctx,
                                               const char *section)
{
    if (!fmt_entries_to_show || (section && av_dict_get(fmt_entries_to_show, section, NULL, 0))) {
        if (wctx->writer->print_section_header)
            wctx->writer->print_section_header(wctx, section);
        wctx->nb_item = 0;
    }
}

static inline void writer_print_section_footer(WriterContext *wctx,
                                               const char *section)
{
    if (!fmt_entries_to_show || (section && av_dict_get(fmt_entries_to_show, section, NULL, 0))) {
        if (wctx->writer->print_section_footer)
            wctx->writer->print_section_footer(wctx, section);
        wctx->nb_section++;
    }
}

static inline void writer_print_integer(WriterContext *wctx,
                                        const char *key, long long int val)
{
    if (!fmt_entries_to_show || (key && av_dict_get(fmt_entries_to_show, key, NULL, 0))) {
        wctx->writer->print_integer(wctx, key, val);
        wctx->nb_item++;
    }
}

static inline void writer_print_string(WriterContext *wctx,
                                       const char *key, const char *val, int opt)
{
    if (opt && !(wctx->writer->flags & WRITER_FLAG_DISPLAY_OPTIONAL_FIELDS))
        return;
    if (!fmt_entries_to_show || (key && av_dict_get(fmt_entries_to_show, key, NULL, 0))) {
        wctx->writer->print_string(wctx, key, val);
        wctx->nb_item++;
    }
}

static void writer_print_time(WriterContext *wctx, const char *key,
                              int64_t ts, const AVRational *time_base)
{
    char buf[128];

    if (!fmt_entries_to_show || (key && av_dict_get(fmt_entries_to_show, key, NULL, 0))) {
        if (ts == AV_NOPTS_VALUE) {
            writer_print_string(wctx, key, "N/A", 1);
        } else {
            double d = ts * av_q2d(*time_base);
            value_string(buf, sizeof(buf), (struct unit_value){.val.d=d, .unit=unit_second_str});
            writer_print_string(wctx, key, buf, 0);
        }
    }
}

static void writer_print_ts(WriterContext *wctx, const char *key, int64_t ts)
{
    if (ts == AV_NOPTS_VALUE) {
        writer_print_string(wctx, key, "N/A", 1);
    } else {
        writer_print_integer(wctx, key, ts);
    }
}

static inline void writer_show_tags(WriterContext *wctx, AVDictionary *dict)
{
    wctx->writer->show_tags(wctx, dict);
}

#define MAX_REGISTERED_WRITERS_NB 64

static const Writer *registered_writers[MAX_REGISTERED_WRITERS_NB + 1];

static int writer_register(const Writer *writer)
{
    static int next_registered_writer_idx = 0;

    if (next_registered_writer_idx == MAX_REGISTERED_WRITERS_NB)
        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);

    registered_writers[next_registered_writer_idx++] = writer;
    return 0;
}

static const Writer *writer_get_by_name(const char *name)
{
    int i;

    for (i = 0; registered_writers[i]; i++)
        if (!strcmp(registered_writers[i]->name, name))
            return registered_writers[i];

    return NULL;
}

/* Print helpers */

struct print_buf {
    char *s;
    int len;
};

static char *fast_asprintf(struct print_buf *pbuf, const char *fmt, ...)
{
    va_list va;
    int len;

    va_start(va, fmt);
    len = vsnprintf(NULL, 0, fmt, va);
    va_end(va);
    if (len < 0)
        goto fail;

    if (pbuf->len < len) {
        char *p = av_realloc(pbuf->s, len + 1);
        if (!p)
            goto fail;
        pbuf->s   = p;
        pbuf->len = len;
    }

    va_start(va, fmt);
    len = vsnprintf(pbuf->s, len + 1, fmt, va);
    va_end(va);
    if (len < 0)
        goto fail;
    return pbuf->s;

fail:
    av_freep(&pbuf->s);
    pbuf->len = 0;
    return NULL;
}

/* WRITERS */

/* Default output */

static void default_print_footer(WriterContext *wctx)
{
    printf("\n");
}

static void default_print_chapter_header(WriterContext *wctx, const char *chapter)
{
    if (wctx->nb_chapter)
        printf("\n");
}

/* lame uppercasing routine, assumes the string is lower case ASCII */
static inline char *upcase_string(char *dst, size_t dst_size, const char *src)
{
    int i;
    for (i = 0; src[i] && i < dst_size-1; i++)
        dst[i] = av_toupper(src[i]);
    dst[i] = 0;
    return dst;
}

static void default_print_section_header(WriterContext *wctx, const char *section)
{
    char buf[32];

    if (wctx->nb_section)
        printf("\n");
    printf("[%s]\n", upcase_string(buf, sizeof(buf), section));
}

static void default_print_section_footer(WriterContext *wctx, const char *section)
{
    char buf[32];

    printf("[/%s]", upcase_string(buf, sizeof(buf), section));
}

static void default_print_str(WriterContext *wctx, const char *key, const char *value)
{
    printf("%s=%s\n", key, value);
}

static void default_print_int(WriterContext *wctx, const char *key, long long int value)
{
    printf("%s=%lld\n", key, value);
}

static void default_show_tags(WriterContext *wctx, AVDictionary *dict)
{
    AVDictionaryEntry *tag = NULL;
    while ((tag = av_dict_get(dict, "", tag, AV_DICT_IGNORE_SUFFIX))) {
        if (!fmt_entries_to_show || (tag->key && av_dict_get(fmt_entries_to_show, tag->key, NULL, 0)))
            printf("TAG:");
        writer_print_string(wctx, tag->key, tag->value, 0);
    }
}

static const Writer default_writer = {
    .name                  = "default",
    .print_footer          = default_print_footer,
    .print_chapter_header  = default_print_chapter_header,
    .print_section_header  = default_print_section_header,
    .print_section_footer  = default_print_section_footer,
    .print_integer         = default_print_int,
    .print_string          = default_print_str,
    .show_tags             = default_show_tags,
    .flags = WRITER_FLAG_DISPLAY_OPTIONAL_FIELDS,
};

/* Compact output */

/**
 * Escape \n, \r, \\ and sep characters contained in s, and print the
 * resulting string.
 */
static const char *c_escape_str(AVBPrint *dst, const char *src, const char sep, void *log_ctx)
{
    const char *p;

    for (p = src; *p; p++) {
        switch (*src) {
        case '\n': av_bprintf(dst, "%s", "\\n");  break;
        case '\r': av_bprintf(dst, "%s", "\\r");  break;
        case '\\': av_bprintf(dst, "%s", "\\\\"); break;
        default:
            if (*p == sep)
                av_bprint_chars(dst, '\\', 1);
            av_bprint_chars(dst, *p, 1);
        }
    }
    return dst->str;
}

/**
 * Quote fields containing special characters, check RFC4180.
 */
static const char *csv_escape_str(AVBPrint *dst, const char *src, const char sep, void *log_ctx)
{
    const char *p;
    int quote = 0;

    /* check if input needs quoting */
    for (p = src; *p; p++)
        if (*p == '"' || *p == sep || *p == '\n' || *p == '\r')
            quote = 1;

    if (quote)
        av_bprint_chars(dst, '\"', 1);

    for (p = src; *p; p++) {
        if (*p == '"')
            av_bprint_chars(dst, '\"', 1);
        av_bprint_chars(dst, *p, 1);
    }
    if (quote)
        av_bprint_chars(dst, '\"', 1);
    return dst->str;
}

static const char *none_escape_str(AVBPrint *dst, const char *src, const char sep, void *log_ctx)
{
    return src;
}

typedef struct CompactContext {
    const AVClass *class;
    char *item_sep_str;
    char item_sep;
    int nokey;
    char *escape_mode_str;
    const char * (*escape_str)(AVBPrint *dst, const char *src, const char sep, void *log_ctx);
} CompactContext;

#define OFFSET(x) offsetof(CompactContext, x)

static const AVOption compact_options[]= {
    {"item_sep", "set item separator",    OFFSET(item_sep_str),    AV_OPT_TYPE_STRING, {.str="|"},  CHAR_MIN, CHAR_MAX },
    {"s",        "set item separator",    OFFSET(item_sep_str),    AV_OPT_TYPE_STRING, {.str="|"},  CHAR_MIN, CHAR_MAX },
    {"nokey",    "force no key printing", OFFSET(nokey),           AV_OPT_TYPE_INT,    {.dbl=0},    0,        1        },
    {"nk",       "force no key printing", OFFSET(nokey),           AV_OPT_TYPE_INT,    {.dbl=0},    0,        1        },
    {"escape",   "set escape mode",       OFFSET(escape_mode_str), AV_OPT_TYPE_STRING, {.str="c"},  CHAR_MIN, CHAR_MAX },
    {"e",        "set escape mode",       OFFSET(escape_mode_str), AV_OPT_TYPE_STRING, {.str="c"},  CHAR_MIN, CHAR_MAX },
    {NULL},
};

static const char *compact_get_name(void *ctx)
{
    return "compact";
}

static const AVClass compact_class = {
    "CompactContext",
    compact_get_name,
    compact_options
};

static av_cold int compact_init(WriterContext *wctx, const char *args, void *opaque)
{
    CompactContext *compact = wctx->priv;
    int err;

    compact->class = &compact_class;
    av_opt_set_defaults(compact);

    if (args &&
        (err = (av_set_options_string(compact, args, "=", ":"))) < 0) {
        av_log(wctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Error parsing options string: '%s'\n", args);
        return err;
    }
    if (strlen(compact->item_sep_str) != 1) {
        av_log(wctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Item separator '%s' specified, but must contain a single character\n",
               compact->item_sep_str);
        return AVERROR(EINVAL);
    }
    compact->item_sep = compact->item_sep_str[0];

    if      (!strcmp(compact->escape_mode_str, "none")) compact->escape_str = none_escape_str;
    else if (!strcmp(compact->escape_mode_str, "c"   )) compact->escape_str = c_escape_str;
    else if (!strcmp(compact->escape_mode_str, "csv" )) compact->escape_str = csv_escape_str;
    else {
        av_log(wctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unknown escape mode '%s'\n", compact->escape_mode_str);
        return AVERROR(EINVAL);
    }

    return 0;
}

static av_cold void compact_uninit(WriterContext *wctx)
{
    CompactContext *compact = wctx->priv;

    av_freep(&compact->item_sep_str);
    av_freep(&compact->escape_mode_str);
}

static void compact_print_section_header(WriterContext *wctx, const char *section)
{
    CompactContext *compact = wctx->priv;

    printf("%s%c", section, compact->item_sep);
}

static void compact_print_section_footer(WriterContext *wctx, const char *section)
{
    printf("\n");
}

static void compact_print_str(WriterContext *wctx, const char *key, const char *value)
{
    CompactContext *compact = wctx->priv;
    AVBPrint buf;

    if (wctx->nb_item) printf("%c", compact->item_sep);
    if (!compact->nokey)
        printf("%s=", key);
    av_bprint_init(&buf, 1, AV_BPRINT_SIZE_UNLIMITED);
    printf("%s", compact->escape_str(&buf, value, compact->item_sep, wctx));
    av_bprint_finalize(&buf, NULL);
}

static void compact_print_int(WriterContext *wctx, const char *key, long long int value)
{
    CompactContext *compact = wctx->priv;

    if (wctx->nb_item) printf("%c", compact->item_sep);
    if (!compact->nokey)
        printf("%s=", key);
    printf("%lld", value);
}

static void compact_show_tags(WriterContext *wctx, AVDictionary *dict)
{
    CompactContext *compact = wctx->priv;
    AVDictionaryEntry *tag = NULL;
    AVBPrint buf;

    while ((tag = av_dict_get(dict, "", tag, AV_DICT_IGNORE_SUFFIX))) {
        if (wctx->nb_item) printf("%c", compact->item_sep);

        if (!compact->nokey) {
            av_bprint_init(&buf, 1, AV_BPRINT_SIZE_UNLIMITED);
            printf("tag:%s=", compact->escape_str(&buf, tag->key, compact->item_sep, wctx));
            av_bprint_finalize(&buf, NULL);
        }

        av_bprint_init(&buf, 1, AV_BPRINT_SIZE_UNLIMITED);
        printf("%s", compact->escape_str(&buf, tag->value, compact->item_sep, wctx));
        av_bprint_finalize(&buf, NULL);
    }
}

static const Writer compact_writer = {
    .name                 = "compact",
    .priv_size            = sizeof(CompactContext),
    .init                 = compact_init,
    .uninit               = compact_uninit,
    .print_section_header = compact_print_section_header,
    .print_section_footer = compact_print_section_footer,
    .print_integer        = compact_print_int,
    .print_string         = compact_print_str,
    .show_tags            = compact_show_tags,
    .flags = WRITER_FLAG_DISPLAY_OPTIONAL_FIELDS,
};

/* CSV output */

static av_cold int csv_init(WriterContext *wctx, const char *args, void *opaque)
{
    return compact_init(wctx, "item_sep=,:nokey=1:escape=csv", opaque);
}

static const Writer csv_writer = {
    .name                 = "csv",
    .priv_size            = sizeof(CompactContext),
    .init                 = csv_init,
    .uninit               = compact_uninit,
    .print_section_header = compact_print_section_header,
    .print_section_footer = compact_print_section_footer,
    .print_integer        = compact_print_int,
    .print_string         = compact_print_str,
    .show_tags            = compact_show_tags,
    .flags = WRITER_FLAG_DISPLAY_OPTIONAL_FIELDS,
};

/* JSON output */

typedef struct {
    const AVClass *class;
    int multiple_entries; ///< tells if the given chapter requires multiple entries
    int print_packets_and_frames;
    int indent_level;
    int compact;
    const char *item_sep, *item_start_end;
} JSONContext;

#undef OFFSET
#define OFFSET(x) offsetof(JSONContext, x)

static const AVOption json_options[]= {
    { "compact", "enable compact output", OFFSET(compact), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, {.dbl=0}, 0, 1 },
    { "c",       "enable compact output", OFFSET(compact), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, {.dbl=0}, 0, 1 },
    { NULL }
};

static const char *json_get_name(void *ctx)
{
    return "json";
}

static const AVClass json_class = {
    "JSONContext",
    json_get_name,
    json_options
};

static av_cold int json_init(WriterContext *wctx, const char *args, void *opaque)
{
    JSONContext *json = wctx->priv;
    int err;

    json->class = &json_class;
    av_opt_set_defaults(json);

    if (args &&
        (err = (av_set_options_string(json, args, "=", ":"))) < 0) {
        av_log(wctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Error parsing options string: '%s'\n", args);
        return err;
    }

    json->item_sep       = json->compact ? ", " : ",\n";
    json->item_start_end = json->compact ? " "  : "\n";

    return 0;
}

static const char *json_escape_str(AVBPrint *dst, const char *src, void *log_ctx)
{
    static const char json_escape[] = {'"', '\\', '\b', '\f', '\n', '\r', '\t', 0};
    static const char json_subst[]  = {'"', '\\',  'b',  'f',  'n',  'r',  't', 0};
    const char *p;

    for (p = src; *p; p++) {
        char *s = strchr(json_escape, *p);
        if (s) {
            av_bprint_chars(dst, '\\', 1);
            av_bprint_chars(dst, json_subst[s - json_escape], 1);
        } else if ((unsigned char)*p < 32) {
            av_bprintf(dst, "\\u00%02x", *p & 0xff);
        } else {
            av_bprint_chars(dst, *p, 1);
        }
    }
    return dst->str;
}

static void json_print_header(WriterContext *wctx)
{
    JSONContext *json = wctx->priv;
    printf("{");
    json->indent_level++;
}

static void json_print_footer(WriterContext *wctx)
{
    JSONContext *json = wctx->priv;
    json->indent_level--;
    printf("\n}\n");
}

#define JSON_INDENT() printf("%*c", json->indent_level * 4, ' ')

static void json_print_chapter_header(WriterContext *wctx, const char *chapter)
{
    JSONContext *json = wctx->priv;
    AVBPrint buf;

    if (wctx->nb_chapter)
        printf(",");
    printf("\n");
    json->multiple_entries = !strcmp(chapter, "packets") || !strcmp(chapter, "frames" ) ||
                             !strcmp(chapter, "packets_and_frames") ||
                             !strcmp(chapter, "streams") || !strcmp(chapter, "library_versions");
    if (json->multiple_entries) {
        JSON_INDENT();
        av_bprint_init(&buf, 1, AV_BPRINT_SIZE_UNLIMITED);
        printf("\"%s\": [\n", json_escape_str(&buf, chapter, wctx));
        av_bprint_finalize(&buf, NULL);
        json->print_packets_and_frames = !strcmp(chapter, "packets_and_frames");
        json->indent_level++;
    }
}

static void json_print_chapter_footer(WriterContext *wctx, const char *chapter)
{
    JSONContext *json = wctx->priv;

    if (json->multiple_entries) {
        printf("\n");
        json->indent_level--;
        JSON_INDENT();
        printf("]");
    }
}

static void json_print_section_header(WriterContext *wctx, const char *section)
{
    JSONContext *json = wctx->priv;

    if (wctx->nb_section)
        printf(",\n");
    JSON_INDENT();
    if (!json->multiple_entries)
        printf("\"%s\": ", section);
    printf("{%s", json->item_start_end);
    json->indent_level++;
    /* this is required so the parser can distinguish between packets and frames */
    if (json->print_packets_and_frames) {
        if (!json->compact)
            JSON_INDENT();
        printf("\"type\": \"%s\"%s", section, json->item_sep);
    }
}

static void json_print_section_footer(WriterContext *wctx, const char *section)
{
    JSONContext *json = wctx->priv;

    printf("%s", json->item_start_end);
    json->indent_level--;
    if (!json->compact)
        JSON_INDENT();
    printf("}");
}

static inline void json_print_item_str(WriterContext *wctx,
                                       const char *key, const char *value)
{
    AVBPrint buf;

    av_bprint_init(&buf, 1, AV_BPRINT_SIZE_UNLIMITED);
    printf("\"%s\":", json_escape_str(&buf, key,   wctx));
    av_bprint_finalize(&buf, NULL);

    av_bprint_init(&buf, 1, AV_BPRINT_SIZE_UNLIMITED);
    printf(" \"%s\"", json_escape_str(&buf, value, wctx));
    av_bprint_finalize(&buf, NULL);
}

static void json_print_str(WriterContext *wctx, const char *key, const char *value)
{
    JSONContext *json = wctx->priv;

    if (wctx->nb_item) printf("%s", json->item_sep);
    if (!json->compact)
        JSON_INDENT();
    json_print_item_str(wctx, key, value);
}

static void json_print_int(WriterContext *wctx, const char *key, long long int value)
{
    JSONContext *json = wctx->priv;
    AVBPrint buf;

    if (wctx->nb_item) printf("%s", json->item_sep);
    if (!json->compact)
        JSON_INDENT();

    av_bprint_init(&buf, 1, AV_BPRINT_SIZE_UNLIMITED);
    printf("\"%s\": %lld", json_escape_str(&buf, key, wctx), value);
    av_bprint_finalize(&buf, NULL);
}

static void json_show_tags(WriterContext *wctx, AVDictionary *dict)
{
    JSONContext *json = wctx->priv;
    AVDictionaryEntry *tag = NULL;
    int is_first = 1;
    if (!dict)
        return;
    printf("%s", json->item_sep);
    if (!json->compact)
        JSON_INDENT();
    printf("\"tags\": {%s", json->item_start_end);
    json->indent_level++;
    while ((tag = av_dict_get(dict, "", tag, AV_DICT_IGNORE_SUFFIX))) {
        if (is_first) is_first = 0;
        else          printf("%s", json->item_sep);
        if (!json->compact)
            JSON_INDENT();
        json_print_item_str(wctx, tag->key, tag->value);
    }
    json->indent_level--;
    printf("%s", json->item_start_end);
    if (!json->compact)
        JSON_INDENT();
    printf("}");
}

static const Writer json_writer = {
    .name                 = "json",
    .priv_size            = sizeof(JSONContext),
    .init                 = json_init,
    .print_header         = json_print_header,
    .print_footer         = json_print_footer,
    .print_chapter_header = json_print_chapter_header,
    .print_chapter_footer = json_print_chapter_footer,
    .print_section_header = json_print_section_header,
    .print_section_footer = json_print_section_footer,
    .print_integer        = json_print_int,
    .print_string         = json_print_str,
    .show_tags            = json_show_tags,
    .flags = WRITER_FLAG_PUT_PACKETS_AND_FRAMES_IN_SAME_CHAPTER,
};

/* XML output */

typedef struct {
    const AVClass *class;
    int within_tag;
    int multiple_entries; ///< tells if the given chapter requires multiple entries
    int indent_level;
    int fully_qualified;
    int xsd_strict;
} XMLContext;

#undef OFFSET
#define OFFSET(x) offsetof(XMLContext, x)

static const AVOption xml_options[] = {
    {"fully_qualified", "specify if the output should be fully qualified", OFFSET(fully_qualified), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, {.dbl=0},  0, 1 },
    {"q",               "specify if the output should be fully qualified", OFFSET(fully_qualified), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, {.dbl=0},  0, 1 },
    {"xsd_strict",      "ensure that the output is XSD compliant",         OFFSET(xsd_strict),      AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, {.dbl=0},  0, 1 },
    {"x",               "ensure that the output is XSD compliant",         OFFSET(xsd_strict),      AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, {.dbl=0},  0, 1 },
    {NULL},
};

static const char *xml_get_name(void *ctx)
{
    return "xml";
}

static const AVClass xml_class = {
    "XMLContext",
    xml_get_name,
    xml_options
};

static av_cold int xml_init(WriterContext *wctx, const char *args, void *opaque)
{
    XMLContext *xml = wctx->priv;
    int err;

    xml->class = &xml_class;
    av_opt_set_defaults(xml);

    if (args &&
        (err = (av_set_options_string(xml, args, "=", ":"))) < 0) {
        av_log(wctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Error parsing options string: '%s'\n", args);
        return err;
    }

    if (xml->xsd_strict) {
        xml->fully_qualified = 1;
#define CHECK_COMPLIANCE(opt, opt_name)                                 \
        if (opt) {                                                      \
            av_log(wctx, AV_LOG_ERROR,                                  \
                   "XSD-compliant output selected but option '%s' was selected, XML output may be non-compliant.\n" \
                   "You need to disable such option with '-no%s'\n", opt_name, opt_name); \
            return AVERROR(EINVAL);                                     \
        }
        CHECK_COMPLIANCE(show_private_data, "private");
        CHECK_COMPLIANCE(show_value_unit,   "unit");
        CHECK_COMPLIANCE(use_value_prefix,  "prefix");

        if (do_show_frames && do_show_packets) {
            av_log(wctx, AV_LOG_ERROR,
                   "Interleaved frames and packets are not allowed in XSD. "
                   "Select only one between the -show_frames and the -show_packets options.\n");
            return AVERROR(EINVAL);
        }
    }

    return 0;
}

static const char *xml_escape_str(AVBPrint *dst, const char *src, void *log_ctx)
{
    const char *p;

    for (p = src; *p; p++) {
        switch (*p) {
        case '&' : av_bprintf(dst, "%s", "&amp;");  break;
        case '<' : av_bprintf(dst, "%s", "&lt;");   break;
        case '>' : av_bprintf(dst, "%s", "&gt;");   break;
        case '\"': av_bprintf(dst, "%s", "&quot;"); break;
        case '\'': av_bprintf(dst, "%s", "&apos;"); break;
        default: av_bprint_chars(dst, *p, 1);