random_seed: Rewrite the generic clock() based seed code

The new code is faster and reuses the previous state in case of
multiple calls.

The previous code could easily end up in near-infinite loops,
if the difference between two clock() calls never was larger than
1.

This makes fate-parseutils finish in finite time when run in wine,
if CryptGenRandom isn't available (which e.g. isn't available if
targeting Windows RT/metro).

Patch originally by Michael Niedermayer but with some modifications
by Martin Storsjö.

Signed-off-by: Martin Storsjö <martin@martin.st>